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# Effort tiering — design
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Date: 2026-09-28 · Branch: `feature/effort-tiering` · Status: draft for review
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## 1. Intent
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Adapt the reasoning effort along a development run, not hold the whole
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session at `xhigh`. The user's five-rung scale is the contract:
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| Rung | User definition | Examples |
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|---|---|---|
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| low | fix a line, rename a file, run a script | journal, commit, release bookkeeping |
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| medium | day-to-day work | implement a closed plan, orchestrate between dispatches |
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| high | a refactor, a bug that resists | investigation, diagnosis, contract drafting |
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| xhigh | architecture, audit before validation | brainstorm, plan, challenge synthesis, gates |
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| max | a stuck error, an error that cannot be recovered, or judged need | loop caps, error recovery |
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Automatic wherever the harness allows it. Where it does not, the user gets a
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one-keystroke lever, never a silent default.
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Effort is a second axis on the BDR-077 routing table: BDR-077 fixed WHICH
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MODEL runs each role and forbade inherit; this design fixes HOW HARD it
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thinks, with the same no-inherit principle.
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## 2. What the harness allows (verified on Claude Code 2.1.283, 2026-09-28)
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Sources: code.claude.com/docs (model-config, skills, sub-agents, hooks),
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the CHANGELOG (2.1.120, 2.1.149, 2.1.267, 2.1.280) and live probes in this
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repo.
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| Mechanism | Verified behaviour | Evidence |
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|---|---|---|
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| Session level | Resolution order: `CLAUDE_CODE_EFFORT_LEVEL` env > `--effort` / `/effort` > settings (`modelSettings` per model, else top-level `effortLevel`) > model default (`high` on Fable 5.1). `max` is session-only, never persisted. `/effort auto` clears the per-model saved level only; a top-level `effortLevel` still applies. | docs |
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| Subagent frontmatter `effort:` | Applied to the subagent. Absent → **inherits the session level**. | built-in on sonnet printed `xhigh`; impeccable agent pinned `medium` printed `medium` |
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| Skill frontmatter `effort:`, user-typed `/skill` | Applied for the **rest of the turn**, AskUserQuestion included. | headless `/effort-probe-low`: every request at `low` |
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| Skill frontmatter `effort:`, loaded by Claude through the Skill tool, **interactive** session | Applied for the rest of the turn. Last loaded skill wins, up and down. | this session: `xhigh` → probe max → `$CLAUDE_EFFORT=max`, request records `effort=max` → probe xhigh → back to `xhigh` |
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| Same, pairing rule | Applies **only when the Skill call shares the assistant message with another tool call after it**; a lone Skill call is a no-op. The paired call already runs at the new level. | this session, 8/8 observations |
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| Same, re-load | A shifter already loaded in the conversation re-applies its effort when loaded again (paired); only its text is deduped. | this session |
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| Same, **headless** (`-p`) | **Not applied** (neither `effort:` nor `model:`). | three `-p` runs, transcript effort unchanged |
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| Prompt cache on a mid-turn shift | **Preserved** on Fable 5.1: first request at max read 206,996 cached tokens, wrote 1,164. | this session |
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| Agent tool call site | No `effort` parameter (only `model`). One agent file = one effort. | tool schema |
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| Hooks | Read `$CLAUDE_EFFORT` / `effort.level`; **cannot change** the level. | docs |
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| `ultrathink` keyword | In-context nudge only; the effort sent to the API is unchanged. | docs |
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| Env var | `CLAUDE_CODE_EFFORT_LEVEL` beats every frontmatter override. Unset on this machine. | docs + `env` |
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## 3. What the numbers say (6 days of local transcripts, all projects, 10,955 requests)
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Weights relative to input price: output ×5, cache read ×0.1, cache write ×1.25.
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| Item | Share |
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|---|---|
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| Cache reads (context re-read per request) | 53 % of weighted spend |
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| All output tokens | 16 % |
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| of which thinking | 8 % |
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| Thinking located in the main loop | 97 % of thinking |
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| Mean thinking per request: Fable main loop / sonnet subagent at xhigh | 1,430 / 26 tokens |
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| Mean cached context per main-loop request | ~320 k tokens |
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Consequences. Executors barely think even at xhigh: pinning them is about
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explicitness and future models (Opus 5.5 "thinks more per turn at a given
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level"), not savings today. The direct lever of effort is single-digit
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percent; the indirect lever (fewer steps at lower effort → fewer requests →
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fewer cache reads) is unmeasured and gets an A/B in §9. The dominant cost is
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main-loop context size, out of scope here (see `/capitalize`, `/clear`).
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## 4. Decisions
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### D1. Session default `high`
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`settings.json` `effortLevel`: `xhigh` → `high`, explicit rather than
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deleted: the statusline reads the key, and LRN-139 wants a visible value to
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sweep at every model bump. Interactive chat outside a skill runs at the
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model default; the user raises with `/effort xhigh` (session) or the new
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`/effort-max` shifter (turn, see D4). `CLAUDE_CODE_EFFORT_LEVEL` must stay
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unset (it would silence every override below); the session-start banner
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warns if it is set.
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### D2. Agent pins (approach A) — repo-authored agents only
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| effort | Agents |
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|---|---|
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| low | hotfixer, release-executor, plugin-probe, validator-analyzer |
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| medium | feater, bugfixer, code-cleaner, onboarder, scaffolder (was `high`; citer `skills/init-project/SKILL.md:98` updated) |
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| high | refactorer, analyzer, commit-changer, doc-syncer, handover-doc-writer |
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| xhigh | plan-challenger, plugin-advisor, verifier, security-auditor, seo-analyzer, geo-analyzer |
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| none | interviewer, client-handover-writer (inline-load only, a pin would be inert and misleading, BDR-076 precedent); status-reporter (haiku, no effort support); `impeccable-*` (vendored) |
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Rules. One effort per agent file, so a mode-based agent (BDR-077) pins the
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level of its **judgment** mode and its mechanical modes over-tier: the
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fail-safe direction, and free on sonnet per §3. Built-ins (Explore,
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general-purpose, Plan) cannot be pinned at the call site and inherit the
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main loop's current level; Explore on Fable thinks ~1 token per request,
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so no wrapper agent is created. Verifier and security-auditor sit at xhigh
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by the user's own definition ("audit before validation"); on sonnet the
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cost difference is nil.
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### D3. Skill frontmatter effort (approach B) — the run's entry level
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Applies from the user's invocation for the rest of the turn.
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| effort | Skills |
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|---|---|
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| low | status, commit-change, release-candidate, doc, capitalize, close, reconcile, deploy, profile, plugin-check |
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| medium | gitflow, prune-memory |
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| high | feat, hotfix, bugfix, refactor, web-validate, harden, seo, geo |
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| xhigh | ship-feature, init-project, onboard, tour, audit-delta, analyze, code-clean, client-handover, brainstorming, writing-plans |
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| unlisted | session default, by design: gstack skills (`spec` and `skillify` are gstack), plugin skills, and machine-generated skills (`graphify`, `find-docs`) |
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`brainstorming` and `writing-plans` are vendored superpowers skills living in
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`skills-external/` (gitignored, symlinked into `skills/`): the pin is applied
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to the real file and never committed; `install-plugins.sh` re-applies it after
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every resync, and the census checks it whenever the file is present (visible
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SKIP otherwise).
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A skill loaded by Claude as a sub-step (feat → commit-change) also shifts
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the level for the rest of the turn (interactive, §2), so orchestrators
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re-assert their own level after any nested Skill call whose level differs
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(D4 protocol).
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### D4. Phase shifts inside a run (approach C)
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Five one-line skills, no body beyond a sentence, user-invocable:
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`effort-low`, `effort-medium`, `effort-high`, `effort-xhigh`, `effort-max`.
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Descriptions as pre-validated against the routing census (pairwise
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similarity ≤ 0.03). Protocol in a shared include `lib/effort-shift.md`,
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mirroring `lib/model-gate.md`:
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- A shift is a `Skill(effort-<level>)` call on the main loop. Never inside a
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dispatched agent (agents run on their pin). One tool round-trip,
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cache-safe (§2).
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- **Pairing rule**: the shift is sent in the same assistant message as the
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step's first tool call, shift first; a lone Skill call is a no-op (§2).
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Re-loading a shifter re-applies its effort.
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- Orchestrator wiring, three points each: `effort-medium` when the plan is
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closed and the dispatch phase starts; `effort-low` before the
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capitalize / journal / doc-commit tail; `effort-max` at an escalation
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point, then the skill's own level again once the diagnosis is produced.
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- Re-assert the skill's own level after any nested `Skill(...)` call whose
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frontmatter carries a different effort (D3): the nested level would
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otherwise hold for the rest of the turn.
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- **Escalation points (automatic max)**: verify-secure loop GATE 1 cap
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(3 conformity rounds) and GATE 2 cap (3 security rounds), before the
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human-escalation table is composed; ship-feature STEP 4b, so the
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inline analyzer DEBUG read runs at max. Full conversation context is the
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asset here; a fresh diagnoser agent was considered and dropped (YAGNI:
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no context, one more agent, same effort).
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- **Not automatic, by doctrine**: the challenge fail-safe (a mute
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challenger is an infrastructure failure, not a reasoning problem) and
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the "gone WRONG → STOP" rule (STOP precedes any further reasoning). Both
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STOP messages name the level reached and suggest `/effort-max` for the
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relaunch: a turn-scoped max the user gets by typing one command.
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- **Turn reset**: a prose gate that ends the turn (model-gate STOP, loop
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cap STOP, and the four prose gates found in bugfix, ship-feature ×2,
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init-project) drops the resumed turn to the session level. The plan
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audits each such gate: if the resumed phase is reflection, the resume
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step re-asserts with `Skill(effort-xhigh)`; if it is dispatch or
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orchestration, session `high` is adequate and nothing is added.
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- **Headless limitation**: `-p`, `claude agents` and SDK sessions ignore
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skill-level effort (§2); runs there stay at the session level. Documented
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in the include, no mitigation.
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### D5. Visibility
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`hooks/statusline.sh` shows `$CLAUDE_EFFORT` when set (the live level,
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shifts included) and falls back to the settings key. `/tasks` already shows
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each subagent's effort (2.1.243).
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## 5. Alternatives rejected
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- **Keep xhigh, pin executors only**: executors think ~26 tokens per
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request; the burn is in the main loop (§3).
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- **Escalation diagnoser agent (`model: fable`, `effort: max`)**: chosen
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before the interactive probe proved C viable; dropped because the
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main-loop shift keeps the full failure context and adds no agent.
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- **Move reflection into `model: fable` skill-runner children with
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`effort: xhigh`, session at medium**: loses conversation context and
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interactivity (BDR-077 retention criteria), heavy re-architecture for a
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lever C delivers in five one-line files.
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- **Rewrite settings.json mid-run to shift effort**: global side effect on
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every session, LRN-098 drift class, fights the harness.
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- **`maxEffortLevel` cap on sonnet**: pins already bound each agent; a cap
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would hide a mis-pin instead of failing it in the census.
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## 6. Files touched
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| Area | Change |
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|---|---|
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| `settings.json` | `effortLevel` → `high` (curated config: read the diff, LRN-098) |
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| `agents/*.md` (20) | `effort:` line per D2; `skills/init-project/SKILL.md:98` citer |
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| `skills/*/SKILL.md` (28 tracked) + `skills-external/{brainstorming,writing-plans}/SKILL.md` (not committed) | `effort:` line per D3; `install-plugins.sh` re-applies the two vendored pins after resync |
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| `skills/effort-{low,medium,high,xhigh,max}/SKILL.md` | new, frontmatter + one sentence |
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| `lib/effort-shift.md` | new include: protocol, wiring points, escalation, turn reset, headless note |
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| `lib/model-gate.md` §4 | one paragraph: effort is the second axis, pointer to the include |
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| `lib/verify-secure-loop.md` | `Skill(effort-max)` before each cap's human-escalation table; STOP text names the level |
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| `lib/challenge-plan.md` | STOP text names the level, suggests `/effort-max` |
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| orchestrator SKILL.md (feat, hotfix, bugfix, ship-feature, init-project, onboard, tour, code-clean, seo, geo, harden, web-validate, client-handover, audit-delta) | include line + the three wiring points; ship-feature 4b max |
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| `hooks/statusline.sh`, `hooks/session-start.sh` | live effort display; env-var warning |
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| `lib/tests/effort-routing.test.sh` | new census suite (§7) |
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| `lib/effort-audit.py` | transcript audit script (§9) |
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| `CHANGELOG.md`, `.claude/memory/*` | release note; BDR + LRN + EVAL + journal (§8) |
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## 7. Tests and census (`make test`)
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New suite `lib/tests/effort-routing.test.sh`, `grep -qF` locks in the
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`model-routing.test.sh` style, flip-tested first (BDR-100):
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1. Every repo-authored agent outside the "none" list has `effort: <level>`
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in its first 10 frontmatter lines, level in the allowed set; the "none"
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list has no `effort:`.
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2. Tier locks per D2 (one `has` per agent).
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3. Skill locks per D3 (one per skill); the two vendored skills are checked
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when present (visible SKIP otherwise); `install-plugins.sh` carries the
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re-apply block.
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4. The five shifter skills exist with the exact `name:` and `effort:`.
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5. `lib/effort-shift.md` is included by every orchestrator in the §6 list;
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`verify-secure-loop.md` and `ship-feature/SKILL.md` contain the
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`Skill(effort-max)` lock.
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6. `settings.json` `effortLevel` is `high`.
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7. `skill-routing-census` stays green with the five new descriptions
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(pre-validated).
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8. `doctrine-citers` stays green: no new `CLAUDE.md "…"` citation; the
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doctrine lives in `lib/`.
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Per-wave smoke, planted input, disk-verified (BDR-077 precedent):
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W1 dispatch a pinned agent that echoes `$CLAUDE_EFFORT`; W2 invoke `/status`
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and read `effort=low` in the transcript; W3 run a skill through a shift
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and read the request sequence; W4 statusline shows the live level.
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## 8. Rollout
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Four waves on `feature/effort-tiering`, one commit each, smoke as merge
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gate, human signal for `gitflow finish`:
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- W1 settings + agent pins + test suite + model-gate paragraph.
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- W2 skill frontmatter (D3) + superpowers patch.
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- W3 shifter skills + `lib/effort-shift.md` + orchestrator wiring +
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escalation points + turn-reset audit.
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- W4 statusline + banner warning + CHANGELOG + registries.
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Registries: BDR (effort tiering, this spec's decisions and rejected
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alternatives), LRN (skill effort applies on user invocation and on
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interactive Skill-tool loads, not in `-p`; shifts are cache-safe), EVAL
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(the §3 measurement and its method), journal line.
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## 9. Measurement after rollout
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A/B on a repeatable skill run (`/reconcile` on this repo, session `high`
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vs `xhigh`): requests, output tokens, thinking tokens, wall time, from the
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transcript. Records whether the indirect lever exists. Goes to EVAL.
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## 10. Out of scope
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Main-loop context size (the 53 %), gstack and plugin skills, the
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`impeccable-*` agents, `graphify` (machine-owned), headless sessions.
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