fix(security): unprivileged nginx + security headers on every location

- base image -> nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:1.28-alpine, digest-pinned
  (BREAKING for the docker path: container port 80 -> 8080; compose
  mapping/healthcheck updated in the same change, cap_add dropped)
- nginx add_header inheritance fix: shared snippets file re-included in
  every location that sets Cache-Control -- previously ALL security
  headers were dropped on real responses (verified live before/after)
- server_tokens off; set_real_ip_from restricted to 127.0.0.1
- expires directives removed (duplicated Cache-Control); gzip_types
  text/html redundancy removed (nginx -t warn)

Dockerfile

@@ -1,27 +1,29 @@
 # Static site for bchanot.fr
-# nginx:alpine serves index.html + CV (HTML + PDF).
+# nginx-unprivileged serves index.html + CV (HTML + PDF) as uid 101 —
+# no root master process in the container (tag + digest pinned).
 
-FROM nginx:1.27-alpine
+FROM nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:1.28-alpine@sha256:209331cfcaec00da781f5b8a38e0d1c0abd00cb2b51e6ad385a30abbbdb04e15
 
 # Custom nginx config (gzip, cache, security headers).
 COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
+COPY nginx-security-headers.conf /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf
 
-# Site assets.
+# Site assets — clean the default content, then copy ours.
 WORKDIR /usr/share/nginx/html
+USER root
 RUN rm -rf ./*
+USER nginx
 
 COPY index.html ./
 COPY CV_Bastien_Chanot.html ./
 COPY CV_Bastien_Chanot.pdf ./
 COPY favicon.svg favicon-32.png favicon.ico apple-touch-icon.png ./
 
-# Non-root hardening: nginx:alpine already drops privileges to "nginx" user
+# nginx-unprivileged listens on 8080 (>1024, no NET_BIND_SERVICE needed).
-# for worker processes. Master runs as root only to bind port 80 inside
+EXPOSE 8080
-# the container — fine because the host port is the one exposed.
-EXPOSE 80
 
 # Basic healthcheck: nginx must serve index.html.
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
-  CMD wget -qO- http://127.0.0.1/ >/dev/null || exit 1
+  CMD wget -qO- http://127.0.0.1:8080/ >/dev/null || exit 1
 
 CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

docker-compose.yml

@@ -18,24 +18,18 @@ services:
     container_name: bchanot-web
     restart: unless-stopped
     ports:
-      - "127.0.0.1:${PORT:-8080}:80"
+      - "127.0.0.1:${PORT:-8080}:8080"
     healthcheck:
-      test: ["CMD", "wget", "-qO-", "http://127.0.0.1/"]
+      test: ["CMD", "wget", "-qO-", "http://127.0.0.1:8080/"]
       interval: 30s
       timeout: 3s
       retries: 3
       start_period: 5s
     read_only: true
     tmpfs:
-      - /var/cache/nginx
+      # nginx-unprivileged writes pid + temp files under /tmp only.
-      - /var/run
       - /tmp
     security_opt:
       - no-new-privileges:true
     cap_drop:
       - ALL
-    cap_add:
-      - CHOWN
-      - SETGID
-      - SETUID
-      - NET_BIND_SERVICE

nginx-security-headers.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Security headers for bchanot.fr — included at server level AND in every
+# location that declares its own add_header: nginx add_header inheritance
+# is all-or-nothing (one add_header in a location drops ALL inherited
+# headers), so each such location must re-include this file.
+# HSTS is intentionally NOT here — it belongs to the TLS-terminating proxy.
+
+add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
+add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
+add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
+add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=(), payment=()" always;
+# CSP: inline CSS + JS are allowed (project convention), fonts from Google.
+add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://fonts.googleapis.com; font-src 'self' https://fonts.gstatic.com; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data:; base-uri 'self'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'" always;

nginx.conf

@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
 # nginx server block for bchanot.fr static site.
-# Container listens on port 80; host port is configured via docker-compose
+# Container (nginx-unprivileged) listens on 8080; host port is configured via
-# (PORT env var). A host-level reverse proxy (nginx, Traefik, Caddy) should
+# docker-compose (PORT env var). A host-level reverse proxy (nginx, Traefik,
-# terminate TLS and proxy_pass to http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}.
+# Caddy) should terminate TLS and proxy_pass to http://127.0.0.1:${PORT}.
 
 server {
-    listen 80;
+    listen 8080;
-    listen [::]:80;
+    listen [::]:8080;
     server_name _;
 
     root /usr/share/nginx/html;
     index index.html;
 
-    # Security headers. HSTS is intentionally NOT set here — leave it to the
+    # Don't advertise the nginx version.
-    # outer reverse proxy that terminates TLS, otherwise it may be sent over
+    server_tokens off;
-    # plain HTTP between proxy and container.
-    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
-    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
-    add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
-    add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=(), payment=()" always;
-    # CSP: inline CSS + JS are allowed (project convention), fonts from Google.
-    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://fonts.googleapis.com; font-src 'self' https://fonts.gstatic.com; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data:; base-uri 'self'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'" always;
 
-    # Forwarded headers — trust the upstream reverse proxy.
+    # Security headers — shared snippet. Re-included in every location that
+    # sets its own add_header (inheritance is all-or-nothing in nginx).
+    include /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf;
+
+    # Forwarded headers — trust only the local reverse proxy (the container
+    # port is bound to 127.0.0.1 in docker-compose).
     real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
-    set_real_ip_from 0.0.0.0/0;
+    set_real_ip_from 127.0.0.1;
 
     # Compression.
     gzip on;
@@ -34,7 +32,6 @@ server {
     gzip_types
         text/plain
         text/css
-        text/html
         text/javascript
         application/javascript
         application/json
@@ -44,24 +41,24 @@ server {
 
     # Long cache for the PDF (regenerated rarely, content-hash not used).
     location ~* \.pdf$ {
-        expires 7d;
         add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=604800";
+        include /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf;
     }
 
     # Short cache for HTML so content updates land fast.
     location ~* \.html$ {
-        expires 1h;
         add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=3600, must-revalidate";
+        include /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf;
     }
 
     # Long cache for favicon + image assets (rarely change).
     location ~* \.(?:ico|svg|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|webp)$ {
-        expires 30d;
         add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=2592000, immutable";
+        include /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf;
         access_log off;
     }
 
-    # Logs to stdout/stderr (default in nginx:alpine).
+    # Logs to stdout/stderr (default in nginx images).
     access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
     error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;